Nicholas B. Wainwright Papers, 1968-1990

(5 Boxes, 1.5 lin. feet)

Collection 3001

© The Historical Society of Pennsylvania
1300 Locust Street * Philadelphia, PA 19107
 The Historical Society of Pennsylvania
Table of contents
Abstract
This collection consists of notes, typescripts and reprints to three distinct research projects undertaken by Nicholas B. Wainwright between 1968 and 1976. Each project has been processed as a separate series in the collection. The working titles of the projects processed as Series 1 and Series 2, respectively, are "Landscape and Genre Painting of Nineteenth Century Philadelphia" and "Collections of The Historical Society of Pennsylvania: 1824-1974." The latter was published in 1974. Series 3 is an untitled project regarding the artist Rembrandt Peale. All three are works-in-progress and each is in a different stage of completion, from the early stages of gathering primary research to an edited typescript. The collection reflects Wainwright's deep interest and commitment to the art of early Philadelphia and to the preservation of its history through the efforts of The Historical Society of Pennsylvania.

Background note
Nicholas B. Wainwright had a long and active association with The Historical Society of Pennsylvania. He came to the Society in 1939 as a Research Librarian and in 1952 he became editor of the Society's journal, Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. From 1965 until 1974, Mr. Wainwright served as the Society's Director. As Director Emeritus, he continued to write on subjects related to the Society and its collection. During the 1960s he wrote the Society's guide to its Thomas Penn papers and edited the diaries of Sidney George Fisher, a source often quoted by Philadelphia historians. Throughout his life, Mr. Wainwright was a prolific writer on a variety of other Philadelphia topics. His published studies ranged from histories of the Philadelphia Inquirer and the Philadelphia Electric Company to studies of colonial homes and furniture and of local opposition during the Civil War. Mr. Wainwright died in 1986.


Scope and content
Each subseries in the Landscape and Genre Painting of Nineteenth Century Philadelphia series represents the specific subject categories Wainwright used to arrange and analyze approximately 225 paintings: 1. Historic Images; 2. City Sights; 3. Delaware River; 4. Waterworks and Schuylkill River; 5. Wissahickon and Germantown; 6. Sporting Scenes; 7. Country Houses and 8. Genre. Many of the typescript pages have Wainwright's handwritten revisions, attesting to this study as a work in progress. The Painting Worksheets have been processed as subseries 9. An inventory of each painting documented in subseries 1 through 8 is listed below, along with the artist and date.

As noted on the title page in Series 2, Collections of The Historical Society of Pennsylvania: 1824-1974, this typescript was prepared in 1974--the same year of the book publication. Including the handwritten revisions to the typescript, this 112-page version appears to be final, matching word-for-word the published work. The only apparent difference is the inclusion in the published version of four concluding paragraphs that discuss the general library holdings. Also absent from the typescript version is any indication of the illustrations that appear in the volume. A bound photocopy of this typescript is available in the library. The published volume is also available in the reference section, call number Ref F 146.P578 1974.

Series 3, A Study of Rembrandt Peale, is divided into two subseries - one textual, the other visual - and provides a very preliminary study of Rembrandt Peale, an important Philadelphia artist. Most of the textual material consists of photocopies of Peale's own observations on the process of painting.

As a whole, the three "works-in-progress" represented by these papers attest to Wainwright's commitment to the promotion of Philadelphia history and to the importance of The Historical Society of Pennsylvania as a repository of such information. These studies also make evident Wainwright's belief that images are as important to understanding history as the written word.

Arrangement
Series I Landscape and Genre Painting of Nineteenth Century Philadelphia, 1968-1990 3 boxes
  a. Historic images
  b. City sights
  c. Delaware river
  d. Waterworks and Schuylkill
  e. Wissahickon and Germantown
  f. Sporting scenes
  g. Country houses
  h. Genre
  i. Painting worksheets
Series II "Collections of The Historical Society of Pennsylvania: 1824-1974", 1974 2 folders
Series III A Study of Rembrandt Peale, n.d. 1 box
  a. Research notes
  b. Reproductions


Administrative information
Restrictions on use
The collection is open for research.

Images represented through photographic reprints or transparencies in this collection can be reproduced only with permission of the institution or individual who owns the original image.

Preferred citation
Cite as: [Indicate the cited item or series here], Nicholas B. Wainwright Papers (Collection 3001), The Historical Society of Pennsylvania.

Processing notes
Processed by: Bertha Adams

Assisted by: Leslie Hunt

Processing Completed: November 2000

Wainwright filed the materials in Series 1 in nine binders. Each of the binders represented a specific subject category and contained appropriate reprints and related text. The original order of the paintings has been maintained. A separate binder was prepared for the painting worksheets. The worksheets were also rehoused in folders, in alphabetical order by artist. Series 2 was also in a binder. Series 3 was originally housed in one box and the photocopied papers were sorted and identified by type of document. The 42 reproductions were removed from their acetate covers and the information cited on the accompanying labels has been noted in the inventory. Because of the additional information noted on the "figure" labels, a photocopy of each was made and included in the folder with that reprint.


Additional information
Related material
Wainwright, Nicholas B., rev. ed. Paintings and Miniatures at The Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia. The Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1974.

Wainwright, Nicholas B. One Hundred and Fifty Years of Collecting by The Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1824-1974. Philadelphia: Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1974.

Wainwright, Nicholas B. Philadelphia in the Romantic Age of Lithography: An Illustrated History of Early Lithography in Philadelphia, with a Descriptive List of Philadelphia Scenes Made by Philadelphia Lithographers before 1866. Philadelphia: The Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1958.

Language(s) represented
English.

Bibliography
Penrose, Boise. Preface to Paintings and Miniatures at The Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia. The Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1974.

Added entries
Subjects
  • History in art
  • Memoirs
  • Painting--American--Nineteenth Century

    • Contributors
  • Peale, Rembrandt, 1778-1860
  • Wainwright, Nicholas Biddle, 1914-1986

    • Contact information

    The Historical Society of Pennsylvania
    [http://www.hsp.org/]
    1300 Locust Street
    Philadelphia, PA 19107

    ©2001


    Sponsor:
    Encoding made possible by a grant from the Gladys Kriebel Delmas Foundation to the Philadelphia Consortium of Special Collections Libraries.

    Collection overview

    Series 1. Landscape and Genre Painting of Nineteenth Century Philadelphia
    1968-1990
    Box (Boxes 1-3)

    This material appears to be Wainwright's working papers for a biocentennial study of Philadelphia and its vicinity as depicted in ninettenth century paintings. The inclusion of a title page and table of content implies that Wainwright intended this work to be published by HSP. It is also possible that this study was a continuation of an earlier one since another title page inserted behind some miscellaneous papers is dated 1968. A variety of subjects are represented, including historic images, genre, sporting scenes, city sights, landscapes and river views. The bulk of the collection consists of 8" × 10" black and white reprints of the paintings. Each reproduction is accompanied by a page or less of text describing the image and general information about the painting such as title, artist, medium, size, date and location. The collection also includes an incomplete compilation of painting worksheets, listed alphabetically by artist.

    The inclusion of a 1990 letter to an HSP curator regarding a painting of the Chain Bridge indicates that Wainwright's project was continued after his death.




    a. Historic Images

    16 folders

    This subseries documents fifteen significant sites, events and individuals from Philadelphia's colonial and revolutionary periods. Images include Penn's Treaty with the Indians, the reading of the Declaration of Independence, and the reception for Lafayette. Artists include Edward Hicks and Benjamin West. As arranged in the opening pages of the original binder, this subseries also includes a draft index of the subject categories represented in the other binders, as well as a title page and list of artists. There is also a resume and a note from individuals other than Wainwright, implying his use of assistants. These papers have been processed in one folder as "related material."




    b. City, Sights

    40 folders

    This subseries covers 40 buildings and street scenes in the city and surrounding areas from the late eighteenth to late nineteenth century. Included are Independence Hall, Chestnut Street Theater, Christ Church, and City Hall. Portraits of prominent individuals associated with these structures are also included, such as the architect William Strickland and Pennsylvania Hospital president Samuel Coates. Artists include Thomas Sully, John Neagle and John Sloan.




    c. Delaware River

    19 folders

    Thomas Birch painted many of the 19 images in this series. Two paintings have no accompanying text.




    d. Waterworks and Schuylkill

    37 folders

    This subseries includes 15 paintings related to the Waterworks. The original Waterworks built on Centre Square is depicted here as well as a portrait of Frederick Graff, the engineer who designed the later Waterworks at Fairmount. A 1984 newsletter by the Society for Industrial Archeology about the restoration of the Fairmount Waterworks Complex is also included. There are 21 Schuylkill River scenes in this subseries as well as a color transparency and related 1990 correspondence (to David Cassidy, HSP) about the early nineteenth century Chain Bridge. Artists include James Peale and Thomas Moran.




    e. Wissahickon and Germantown

    22 folders

    The river and community are depicted in 22 images, including genre paintings of local activities and landscapes, featuring Cliveden and other local estates. Artists include Charles Wilson Peale and Russell Smith.




    f. Sporting Scense

    27 folders

    This subseries includes 27 reprints depicting a variety of 19th century sporting activities, including horseracing, fox hunting, duck shooting, rowing, skating, boxing, and sledding. There is no descriptive text to Delattre's Dr. Dickinson Logan's Daughter with her Riding Master. Other artists represented here include Thomas Doughty and Thomas Eakins.




    g. Country Houses

    31 folders

    Based on the title page in the original binder to this category, Wainwright originally referred to the 31 paintings reproduced as "rural views." Most of the images depict well-known estates, such as Lemon Hill and The Woodlands as well as other institutions such as the Montgomery County Almshouse and St. Peter's Episcopal Church in Glenside. Artists include Russell Smith and John A. Woodside.




    h. Genre

    37 folders

    This subseries consists of 37 reproductions representing a variety of activities, including a country wedding, street scenes, interior scenes, and Charles Wilson Peale's Museum. Artists include John Sartain and Thomas Hovenden.




    i. Painting Worksheets

    3 folders

    This subseries includes "worksheets" of approximately 150 paintings that depict various Philadelphia-area views. As noted above, the sheets are arranged alphabetically by artist, but represent only a partial inventory of all the paintings in this study since the subseries begins with "Inness." These worksheets also include paintings and artists not covered by Wainwright, such as George Inness. Perhaps these worksheets represent Wainwright's preliminary inventory of paintings. The information recorded on the worksheets includes artist, subject, size, date, medium, inscriptions, owner, whether HSP possesses a photograph and negative of the image and general remarks.




    Series 2. "Collections of The Historical Society of Pennsylvania: 1824-1974"
    1974
    Box (Box 4)

    These papers are the typescript to Wainwright's study, One Hundred and Fifty Years of Collecting by the Historical Society of Pennsylvania: 1824-1974. This volume was published by the Society in 1974.




    Series 3. A Study of Rembrandt Peale
    n.d.
    Box (Box 5)

    This material appears to be Wainwright's working papers for a study of Rembrandt Peale, a noted Philadelphia artist of the early and mid-nineteenth century. As the son of Charles Wilson Peale, Rembrandt was a member of the city's most prominent family of artists. The amount of material is small and represents Wainwright's earliest stages of research, consisting of photocopies of primary resource material and reprints of paintings. Unlike the other two studies in this collection, there is no title page to the Peale study to note the year(s) Wainwright may have compiled these papers or give any indication as to his thesis.




    a. Research Notes.

    5 folders

    Most of the papers are photocopies of a manuscript written by Rembrandt Peale entitled Notes of the Painting Room, The Experience of more than half a Century, along with a published introduction. Copies of this work are in the collections of The Historical Society of Pennsylvania (Harriet Sartain Collection and on film) and The American Philosophical Society. Photocopies of miscellaneous notes and correspondence relating to this manuscript are also included.




    b. Reproductions.

    42 folders

    The rest of the collection consists of 42 black and white reprints of paintings and one drawing by Peale. Each is numbered and identified by title and date. Medium, size and provenance information are also given for the first eight images, which are also identified as figures. Perhaps the remaining images, of which all but three are portraits, were to be reproduced as plates in the final, published form. They are separately numbered and arranged in chronological order. Some paintings that are related in subject matter have the same "plate" number, implying Wainwright had not made a final decision on the selected images. That Wainwright does not give the sitter's full name in several of the portrait labels also attests to the study's very preliminary stage.




    Collection inventory

     

    Series 1. Landscape and Genre Painting of 19th Century Philadelphia


    a. Historic Images


    Introductory Pages and Related Papers

    Box 1: 1

    Penn's Treaty with the Indians

    Box 1: 2

    Benjamin West, 1771



    Penn's Treaty with the Indians

    Box 1: 3

    Edward Hicks, 1830



    The Landing of William Penn

    Box 1: 4

    Thomas Birch, 1849



    The South East Prospect of the City of Philadelphia

    Box 1: 5

    Peter Cooper, 1720



    Jacob Duché House

    Box 1: 6

    Artist Unknown, 1770



    Alms House and Pennsylvania Hospital

    Box 1: 7

    Artist Unknown, 1767



    Congress Voting Independence

    Box 1: 8

    Robert Edge Pine and Edward Savage, 1784-1817



    Reading the Declaration of Independence

    Box 1: 9

    Peter F. Rothermel, c. 1864



    Battle of the Chew House

    Box 1: 10

    Edward Lamson Henry, c. 1880



    Cliveden Interior During the Battle

    Box 1: 11

    Edward Lamson Henry, 1880



    The State House on the Day of the Battle of Germantown

    Box 1: 12

    Peter F. Rothermel, 1869



    Washington at Valley Forge

    Box 1: 13

    Artist Unknown, 1850



    Revolutionary Incident

    Box 1: 14

    James Peale, 1795



    Conrad Alexandre Gérard

    Box 1: 15

    Charles Wilson Peale



    Reception for Lafayette at the Chew House

    Box 1: 16

    Edward Lamson Henry, c. 1874



    b. City Sights


    The John Dunlap House

    Box 1: 17

    John James Barralet, 1807



    Southeast View of the Pennsylvania Hospital

    Box 1: 18

    Thomas Birch, 1814



    South East View of the Pennsylvania Hospital

    Box 1: 19

    John C. Exilius, 1814



    Samuel Coates

    Box 1: 20

    Thomas Sully, 1812



    Treaty Tree

    Box 1: 21

    Thomas Birch, 1800



    Treaty Tree

    Box 1: 22

    Xanthus Smith, 1866



    Christ Church

    Box 1: 23

    William Strickland, 1811



    Bank of Pennsylvania

    Box 1: 24

    Artist Unknown, 1804



    Election Day at the State House

    Box 1: 25

    John Lewis Krimmel, 1815



    Fifteenth and Race Streets

    Box 1: 26

    Artist Unknown, 1810



    Chestnut Street Theatre

    Box 1: 27

    Artist Unknown, 1822



    Judd's Hotel

    Box 1: 28

    Artist Unknown, 1820



    The Naval Asylum, Gray's Ferry

    Box 1: 29

    Thomas Doughty, 1828



    Philadelphia Exchange

    Box 1: 30

    Artist Unknown, 1835



    William Strickland, Architect

    Box 1: 31

    John Neagle, 1829



    Walnut Street Prison

    Box 1: 32

    Russell Smith, 1835



    Pat Lyon at the Forge

    Box 1: 33

    John Neagle, 1826-7



    Moyamensing Prison

    Box 1: 34

    Thomas U. Walter, 1842



    John Haviland

    Box 1: 35

    John Neagle, 1828



    The Court House

    Box 1: 36

    Russell Smith



    The Court House

    Box 1: 37

    J.M. Kelley, 1895



    Laurel Hill Cemetery

    Box 1: 38

    Artist Unknown, 1845



    731 Market Street

    Box 1: 39

    W.H. Cooper



    The Independence Hall Group

    Box 1: 40

    Ferdinand Reichardt, 1859



    Winter Scene

    Box 1: 41

    Charles F. G. Witman, 1835



    Social Retreat

    Box 1: 42

    Charles F. G. Witman, 1875



    Bergner's Brewery

    Box 1: 43

    Artist Unknown, 1863



    Race and Thirteenth Streets

    Box 1: 44

    George B. Wood, 1875



    Election Night, 1864: Fifth and Chestnut Streets Looking North

    Box 1: 45

    Bernard Uhle, 1864



    Horse Auction at Fairmount Avenue and Twelfth Street

    Box 1: 46

    Peter Moran, n.d.



    Arch Street Methodist Church

    Box 1: 47

    Xanthus Smith, 1875



    Independence Hall

    Box 1: 48

    Edmund D. Lewis, 1884



    Letitia Street House

    Box 1: 49

    E. G. Chormann, 1880



    Girard College

    Box 1: 50

    Augustus Kollner, 1860



    Friends Almshouse

    Box 1: 51

    Artist Unknown, n.d.



    Brewhouse of Anthony Morris IV

    Box 1: 52

    J. E. Murdoch, 1890



    Union Volunteer Hospital

    Box 1: 53

    Edward Moran, 1866



    City Troop on Parade

    Box 1: 54

    Charles Brinton Cox, 1888



    Independence Square

    Box 1: 55

    John Sloan, 1900



    East Entrance, City Hall

    Box 1: 56

    John Sloan, 1901



    c. Delaware River


    Fishery on the Delaware Near Philadelphia

    Box 1: 57

    Thomas Birch, n.d. (no text)



    View of the Delaware Near Philadelphia

    Box 1: 58

    Thomas Birch, 1831



    Philadelphia From Kensington

    Box 1: 59

    Thomas Birch, 1830



    Philadelphia Harbor

    Box 1: 60

    Thomas Birch, 1840



    Philadelphia Harbor

    Box 1: 61

    Thomas Birch, n.d.



    Philadelphia Harbor

    Box 1: 62

    Thomas Birch, 1835



    Philadelphia Harbor

    Box 1: 63

    Thomas Birch, 1850



    Delaware River Scene

    Box 1: 64

    Thomas Birch, 1840



    Philadelphia Harbor

    Box 1: 65

    Thomas Birch, 1839



    View on the Delaware

    Box 1: 66

    James Hamilton



    Barque Union of Philadelphia

    Box 1: 67

    Artist Unknown, 1853



    Philadelphia Harbor

    Box 1: 68

    Thomas Birch, 1849



    Delaware River at Tacony

    Box 1: 69

    Thomas Anshutz, 1895



    Philadelphia Seen from the Jersey Shore, Southwest View

    Box 1: 70

    Artist Unknown, n.d. (no text)



    On the Delaware River

    Box 1: 71

    James Hamilton, 1865



    Fish Wharf at Philadelphia

    Box 1: 72

    William, Carr, 1833



    Shad Fishing on the Delaware

    Box 1: 73

    Thomas Birch, 1840



    Philadelphia Water Front

    Box 1: 74

    A. Raehle, 1851 (Stoehle?) (1881?)



    Tugs

    Box 1: 75

    John Sloan, 1900



    d. Waterworks and Schuylkill


    Newsletter re: Waterworks

    Box 2: 1

    Fourth of July in Centre Square

    Box 2: 2

    John Lewis Krimmel, 1812



    Centre Square Waterworks

    Box 2: 3

    Artist Unknown, 1815



    Frederick Graff

    Box 2: 4

    James Peale, 1804



    Monument to Frederick Graff at Fairmount

    Box 2: 5

    Artist Unknown, 1848



    Fairmount Waterworks

    Box 2: 6

    Thomas Birch, 1822



    Fairmount Waterworks

    Box 2: 7

    Thomas Birch, 1824



    Fairmount Waterworks

    Box 2: 8

    James Peale, 1825



    View of the Waterworks From Fairmount

    Box 2: 9

    Thomas Doughty, 1826



    Fairmount Waterworks From the Opposite Side of the Schuylkill

    Box 2: 10

    Thomas Doughty, 1826



    Fairmount Waterworks

    Box 2: 11

    Artist Unknown, n.d.



    Fairmount from Lemon Hill

    Box 2: 12

    Thomas Birch, 1838



    Fairmount Waterworks

    Box 2: 13

    Thomas Birch, n.d.



    Philadelphia Waterworks

    Box 2: 14

    Artist Unknown, 1836



    Covered Bridge at Fairmount

    Box 2: 15

    Henry Warren, 1835



    Fairmount Water Works

    Box 2: 16

    T. Henry Smith



    View of Chain Bridge

    Box 2: 17

    Artist Unknown, n.d. (4/C transparency)



    Fairmount and Schuylkill River

    Box 2: 18

    William Groombridge, 1800



    View of the Schuylkill

    Box 2: 19

    William Groombridge, 1800



    Gray's Ferry Bridge

    Box 2: 20

    William Groombridge, n.d.



    View from Belmont

    Box 2: 21

    William Birch, n.d.



    Market Street Bridge

    Box 2: 22

    John James Barralet, n.d.



    Falls of the Schuylkill

    Box 2: 23

    George Isham Parkyns, 1810



    Chain Bridge at the Falls of the Schuylkill

    Box 2: 24

    Thomas Birch, 1812



    View of the Schuylkill

    Box 2: 25

    John Neagle, 1827



    View from Belmont Mansion, Fairmount Park

    Box 2: 26

    John Neagle, n.d.



    Upper Ferry Bridge

    Box 2: 27

    Thomas Birch, 1813



    On the Schuylkill

    Box 2: 28

    James Peale, 1830



    Permanent Bridge at Market Street

    Box 2: 29

    Henry Warren, n.d.



    Columbia Bridge, Schuylkill River

    Box 2: 30

    Augustus Kollner, 1887



    Market Street and Suspension Bridges

    Box 2: 31

    Augustus Kollner, 1887



    Philadelphia From Belmont Plateau

    Box 2: 32

    Edward Moran, 1862



    Autumn Morning, Fairmount Park

    Box 2: 33

    Robert Craig, 1870



    View from West Laurel Hill Looking Down the Schuylkill

    Box 2: 34

    Thomas Moran, 1870



    View from West Laurel Hill Looking Up the Schuylkill

    Box 2: 35

    Thomas Moran, 1870



    Schuylkill River

    Box 2: 36

    Thomas J. Fenimore, 1865



    Philadelphia From Belmont

    Box 2: 37

    Edmund Darch Lewis, n.d.



    e. Wissahickon and Germantown


    Market Square, Germantown

    Box 2: 38

    William Britton, 1820



    View of Garden at Belfield

    Box 2: 39

    Charles Wilson Peale, c. 1815



    Country Lane at Belfield

    Box 2: 40

    Charles Wilson Peale, n.d.



    Germantown Mill Scene

    Box 2: 41

    Charles Wilson Peale, 1816-19



    Germantown Mill Scene

    Box 2: 42

    Charles Wilson Peale, 1816-19



    Meadow and Road in Germantown

    Box 2: 43

    Charles Wilson Peale, 1816-19



    Garden Gate at Belfield

    Box 2: 44

    Charles Wilson Peale, 1816-19



    View of the Wissahickon

    Box 2: 45

    James Peale, 1830



    Wissahickon

    Box 2: 46

    James Peale, n.d.



    On the Wissahickon

    Box 2: 47

    James Peale, 1830



    Railroad and Horses Near Germantown

    Box 2: 48

    Newbold H. Trotter, 1860



    View in Germantown

    Box 2: 49

    W. T. Richards, 1861



    Washington's Residence in Germantown

    Box 2: 50

    Isaac L. Williams, n.d.



    Robert's Mill

    Box 2: 51

    Isaac L. Williams, n.d.



    Wissahickon

    Box 2: 52

    Russell Smith, 1857



    Birthplace of William Kulp

    Box 2: 53

    Edward Lamson Henry, 1869



    The Wissahickon

    Box 2: 54

    William T. Richards, 1872



    Devil's Glen in the Wissahickon

    Box 2: 55

    John Moran, 1888



    The Falls of Wissahickon Creek at Ridge Avenue

    Box 2: 56

    John Moran, 1888



    Cliveden, The Chew House

    Box 2: 57

    Paul Weber, 1856



    Cliveden, The Chew House

    Box 2: 58

    Russell Smith, 1843



    Germantown Residence

    Box 2: 59

    Edward Lamson Henry, n.d.



    f. Sporting scenes


    In Full Cry

    Box 2: 60

    Thomas Doughty, 1825



    Trotting Race at Hunting Park

    Box 2: 61

    R. S. Hillman, 1831



    Dr. Dickinson Logan's Daughter with her Riding Master

    Box 2: 62

    Henri Delattre, n.d. (no text)



    Mac and Zachary Taylor at the Hunting Park Course...

    Box 2: 63

    Henri Delattre, [1849]



    Thoroughbreds

    Box 2: 64

    Edward Troye, 1832



    Duck Shooting View on the Delaware River

    Box 2: 65

    Thomas Birch, 1827